Flower Belle

Shi’a sources state that it is Muhammad who, according to God’s command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shi’a Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composition of the adhan.

Other Shi’a sources state that Bilal ibn Ribah was, in fact, the first person to recite the adhan publicly out loud in front of the Muslim congregation.

Fundamental phrase” La- ilaha-ill-al-lah” is foundation stone of Islam the belief that “there is no god but The God”.This is confession of “Tawhid”.

The phrase” Mohammad-un –rasul-al-lah” fulfil the requirement that there should be some one to guide in the name of The God, which tells”Mohammad is The God’s “rasul” “nabi” the messanger ,Apostle”. This is acceptance of “Nabuvat” of Mohammad.

Nabi Mohammad declared Ali bin Abu Talib as his successor at place called Ghadir Khumm , which was required for the continuation of His guidance,that’s why he told that ”for whoever I am a ’Moula’ of them Ali is his ‘Moula’”(This is also as per article saying of hadith of the pond of Khumm.Hence, the Azaan/kalma required further confession the phrase “Ali-un- vali-ul-lah” means “Ali is his(Allah’s) “Wali “ the “friend” stressing the need that for continuation of faith there is requirement of “Wali” which is one and only “Imam after Imam ” which are realy taking care of Islaam, hence This is also confession of “ Imamat.”

In one of the Qiblah of Imam mustansir (1035-1094)of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira (Mosque of Ahmed-ibn-tulun) engraved his name and “kalema‐tut‐ sahadat”(pl.see right) as ‘La ‐ilah‐ ilal‐lah, Mohamad‐un‐ rasul‐al‐lah Ali –un‐ Wali ‐ ul –lah’.

Azaan remind to everyone, these three Islamic teaching “Tauhid”, “Nabuwat” and “Imamate” before each prayer. These three emphasise Devotion to god, his Nabi Mohammad and Imam, which are so linked together that these can not be viewed separately.One leads to other and finally to the God.

{“I testify that [Aliyun] is the vicegerent of THE GOD” apparently isn’t a part of the Adhan because if it was, there would be no test for the people to see if they will believe in the truth “the guardianship of ALi” or not..if it was a part..the answer of the exam would be before the eyes of the muslims and thereupon everyone will follow the guardianship of Imam Ali without doing the test. Yet, this testification is an essential part of faith..it is an obligatory part of Al-Islam and the belief. that is why it the one who knows it, realizes that it is {indeed} a part of Al-ATHAN and a must in Al-Islam.} (a personal opinion).

The phrase is optional to some shia as justified above. They feel that Ali’s ‘Valayat’ is self-evident ,a testification and need not be declared . However, the greatness of Allah is also taken to be self-evident, but Muslims still declare ‘Allaho Akabar’ to publicize and confirm/boost their faith. This is the reason Fatimid/Dawoodi Bohra gives for recitation of the phrase regarding Ali.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan

See also: Idul Fitri, Hamper Hari Raya, Hari Raya Hampers

The Eid prayer (salatu’l-`idayn) was prescribed in the first year after the hijra. It is a Wajib and Muhammad always performed these prayers and their attendance was mandatory.

The time for the Eid prayer begins from the time the sun is three meters from the horizon until the sun reaches its meridian. Ahmad ibn Hassan al-Bana records that Jundub said: “The Prophet prayed the Eid ul fitr prayer while the sun was (approximately) six meters above the horizon and the ‘eid of the sacrifice while the sun was three meters above the horizon.”

Concerning the adhan and iqamah for salatul ‘eidain Ibn al-Qayyum writes: “When the Prophet went to the place of prayer, he would perform the salah without any adhan or iqamah and without saying the Friday congregational prayer.”

The Eid prayer consists of two ra’kat during which it is sunnah to pronounce the takbir seven times, after the opening takbir and before the Quranic recital in the first rak’ah. During the second rak’ah, one makes takbir five times after the takbir which is customarily made for standing after the prostration. One is to raise one’s hands during each pronouncement of the takbir. This is based on a report transmitted from Umar and his son Abdullah. The Hanafi school holds that in the first rak’ah three takbirat are to be made after the opening takbir, but before the recital.

The khutbah after salatul ‘eid is a sunnah and so is listening to it.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_prayer

See also: Lebaran, Hari Raya, Ramadan Gift

Polyandry (polyandry) is a form of polygamy where a woman is married to more than one husband. In the case of two men, the notion is used Biandrie. The counterpart is the polygyny (polygamy).

Many anthropologists and ethnologists apply the term to societies in which the paternity of children a woman is attributed to several men simultaneously.

In some cases, the emergence of polyandrous marriages is related to the phenomenon of female infanticide (killing of female babies and abortion of female fetuses together), through which a male surplus.

Occurrence

Polyandrous societies are still in parts of India, the Himalayas (Tibet and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim), Bhutan, Congo, Northern Nigeria, in the Paviotso (North America), Marquesas, and the Da-La (in Indochina).

In the Hindu population of the western Himalaya region, according to the practice of polyandry Beremann is due to the following procedures: There is a lack of land, which is why the number of offspring must be restricted. Why are some men (brothers on) a connection with only one wife.

In polyandrous connections – as opposed to polygyny – the reproductive capacity of the connection to the capacity of women is limited and therefore capped. Thus, there is the social function of polyandry is to adapt the labor potential of the available land resources.

exist in this region polyandrous polygynous and monogamous families in addition to marriage and family forms. Polyandry is thus a marriage of several possible strategies. The same reasons are given for the Buddhist people of Tibet, Ladahks, and the north Indian regions of Spiti and Lahaul.

Forms of polyandry

Fraternal polyandry

At the Fraternal polyandry or Adelphe are several or all the brothers together husbands of a woman. The Fraternal polyandry is the most common form of polyandry still exists today.

Fraternal polyandry is in the following societies: Toda (South India), Tibet, especially Himalayan region, Ladakh, the Marquesas. The ancient historian Polybius, it also confirmed in Sparta.

Tibet is currently the largest area, is common in the polyandry. The form of marriage is related to the inheritance pattern of land ownership. When several brothers sharing the land and the same woman, the property must not be split.

A direct consequence is actually the prevailing stability for many generations in the number and size of land ownership in western Tibet.
Corporate polyandry

The corporate polyandry is a special form of fraternal polyandry, in which the social paternity is attributed collectively to all the brothers at the same time.

According H.T. Fischer is here but not a true polygamous community, but simply a plural mating Community (Polykoitie).

In the southern Indian corporate polyandry Iravas the oldest brother goes alone, although the bride’s house, in order to “capture”, he is but as a representative for a corporate group of brothers. The conjugal rights and duties are shared by the group together and without hesitation.

So there is equality between the spouses regarding the sexual access to the common wife, but also in terms of inheritance and property rights of the children.

Nonkorporative polyandry

The nonkorporative polyandry is also a special form of fraternal polyandry. This assumes each husband in turn the paternity of the “collective” fathered children. Each child of the woman thus has a single, clearly defined social father (but not necessarily the Genitor needs to be).

Nonkorporative polyandry is practiced such as the Todas in the Nilgiris of southern India. In the seventh month of pregnancy, a ceremony is held at one of the husbands is designated as the father of the expected child.

The same man is also in the following children to the father, unless the wife goes through this ceremony with another husband, and this is usually done only when it holds the previous unfit father.

Cicisbeismus

Here the woman next to her actual husband nor tolerated by this one lover, see another Cicisbeismus.
Polyandry in the animal world

Even in animals is known as polyandry, when paired in the same breeding season a female with several males, the males but only with this one female. Mate the male with several females, so we speak of promiscuity. A classic example of polyandry or polygyny is situationally adapted the Dunnock.

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie

See Also: idul fitri, hamper hari raya, hari raya hampers